CAREER ASTRONAUT

At one time or another, all of us, male and female alike, have dreamt of becoming an astronaut. Flying through space at what seems like a million miles an hour, leaving the problems of planet earth behind sounds like paradise. Of course, when you return, you'll most likely get a medal from the president, be on the Wheaties box, and your hometown will have a parade in your honor. Well, before you plan what you'll say during your White House dinner, it is important to take a look at the reality of becoming an astronaut and what it takes. As the folks at NASA say, it surely takes 'the right stuff'.

In the United States, NASA employs thousands of people in a variety of positions in addition to the actual space programs, such as accountants, clerical people, and so forth. Regarding actually becoming an astronaut, however, is quite a challenge. NASA statistics show that since the beginning of the agency in 1959, only 321 astronauts have been selected to date, and today, there are about 150 actively on duty astronauts. Most of these people have been from a military background, but exceptionally qualified teachers, scientists and others have made their way into the astronaut program. Of course, not every astronaut earns the right to fly in an actual space mission, either. Beyond the rigorous intelligence, health and fitness requirements to become an astronaut in the first place, many fall short of the full requirements for space missions once in the program. While some of the qualifications are classified, suffice it to say that they are very tough, as they well should be. Additionally, some who become astronauts are best qualified for management positions, and therefore, stand a slim chance of an actual space mission.

Due to the tragedies that have befallen the American space program over the past several decades, interest in becoming an astronaut has faded somewhat, but there are still far more NASA applicants than positions available, and those positions that are available, as we said before, are hard to come by for even the best candidates.
If you are chosen to become an astronaut, how much can you expect in regards to salary? NASA reports that the starting pay for an astronaut is between $73K and $100K annually. For the stress and risk involved, it is fair to say that no one is doing this to become wealthy, but fame and glory, as well as the honor of serving one's country, can be priceless.


For those who don't get into NASA, don't worry- there is a counterpart in Europe, namely the European Space Agency, or ESA. The ESA is a possibility for you if you are a national of one of these 'member nations' of the ESA together with Canada which is a cooperating country. Americans can't join, but the ESA is interesting to talk about anyhow.

The ESA has facilities in France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands which operate the space programs for the member nations as we identified earlier. Today, there are only 13 highly qualified astronauts in the ESA. To put this into perspective, the last time recruitment was held for ESA astronauts, over 20,000 people applied, 5,000 were deemed to be qualified, and 2 were selected overall. These odds are, if you will excuse the pun, astronomical!

Health, intelligence and fitness requirements for the ESA are similar to NASA, and typically, the ESA only considers skilled pilots with at least 5,000 flying hours logged in before they apply. Given the population of Europe, the ESA is a difficult goal as well.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia formed a new space agency of its own- the RKA. Although details about the RKA are somewhat hard to come by, the RKA in general employs 5,000 people, with most of the work of the agency being handled by outside contractors. RKA has its roots in the former USSR space program, which competed heavily with NASA in the 1950's, launching the Sputnik rocket, putting the first dog, Leika, into space.


NASA soon followed with a chimpanzee going into space as an experimental mission prior to human space missions. One of the RKA's most impressive achievements has been the partnership with NASA on the MIR space station, which serves many important defense and scientific purposes as it travels through space. MIR is a manned (and woman-ed) space station, with the two nations sharing duties and costs. In this instance, a common interest in space exploration and experimentation brought together two formerly bitter rivals.

Other nations also have space programs, and therefore astronauts, but the information about the agencies is often top secret. Astronauts are usually approached to join these programs, rather than the other way around as it is with NASA and ESA. For example, there is information to indicate that China is embarking on a space program, and has collaborated with the RKA to exchange technology and information. Perhaps, astronauts work within both programs, though this is a rumor at best as it cannot be confirmed with any hard facts at this time. It is imaginable, however, that these agencies are, or seek to be, of the same caliber as NASA, ESA or RKA. The future will tell exactly what happens with these agencies that are so secretive today.

For those who don't make the cut as astronauts, there is talk of commuter travel into space in the near future. The main requirement for this will be a great deal of money and a lot of courage. Space flight, no matter what the movies depict, is a physical and mental challenge. It is a lot different than a video game or a ride at an amusement park.

In closing, for those who have 'the right stuff', a career as an astronaut can be an exciting adventure that is rewarding beyond belief and a chance to use your literally one in a million talents to serve your country, wherever that may be.

Know 'bt ""Jet Pack""

The Bell Rocket Belt in flight.

The Powerhouse Rocket Belt in flight.

Rocket belt, rocket pack, jet pack, and similar names, are various types of device, usually worn on the back, that use jets of escaping gases to allow the user to fly. The concept of these devices evolved from the 1920s when Buck Rogers, science fiction comic strip hero, used a rocket pack for travel.

The backpack harness (like a parachute harness), has a strap between the legs so that the pilot does not fall out of the harness during flight.

Types

The jet of gas in the original Bell Rocketbelt was provided by a hydrogen peroxide powered rocket but the jet can also be provided by a turbojet engine, a ducted fan, or other kinds of rockets powered by solid fuel, liquid fuel or compressed gas (usually nitrogen).

A similar device that uses rotors or propellers is a Backpack helicopter.

Hydrogen peroxide powered rocket

A hydrogen peroxide powered motor is based on the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. Nearly pure (90% in the Bell Rocket Belt) hydrogen peroxide is used. Pure hydrogen peroxide is relatively stable, but in contact with the catalyst (for example, silver) it decomposes into a mixture of superheated steam and oxygen in less than 1/10 millisecond increasing in volume 5000 times: 2 H₂O₂ = 2 H₂O + O₂. The reaction is exothermic, i.e. with liberation of much heat (about 2500 kJ/kg), forming in this case a steam-gas mixture at 740 °C. This hot gas is used exclusively as the reaction mass and is directly led to one or more jet nozzles.

The great disadvantage is the limited operating time. The jet of steam and oxygen from can provide significant thrust from fairly lightweight rockets, but the jet has a reasonably low exhaust velocity and hence a poor specific impulse. A man's carrying capacity before take-off sets the upper bound on weight of propellant that can be used, and so currently such rocket belts can only fly for about 30 seconds.

A more conventional bipropellant could more than double the specific impulse, however, with peroxide while the exhaust is very hot it is much cooler than other propellants that could be used and this greatly reduces the risk of a fire and injury.

In contrast to, for example, jet engines which mainly expel atmospheric air to produce thrust, rocket packs are far simpler to build than devices using turbojets. The classical rocket pack of the construction of Wendell Moore can be prepared in workshop conditions but needs good engineering training and a high level of tool-making craftsmanship.

The main faults of the rocket pack is short duration of flight (to 30 seconds), the reasonably high expense of the peroxide propellant and the danger of flying below minimum parachute altitude, and hence without any safety equipment and the sheer difficulty of manually flying such a device. These circumstances limit the sphere of the application of rocket packs to very spectacular public demonstration flights (stunts). Rocket pack flights typically seize the attention of spectators and enjoy great success. For example, a flight was arranged in the course of the opening ceremony of the summer Olympic Games 1984 in Los Angeles, USA.

The German Jetpack of World War II

During World War II, Germany made late-war experiments of strapping two wearable shortened Schmidt pulse jet tubes of low thrust to the body of a pilot. The working principle was the same as the Schmidt-Argus pulse jet that powered the Fieseler Fi 103 flying bomb whereas the size was much smaller.

The device was called "Himmelstürmer" (Skystormer) and operated as follows: when the flier ignited both engines simultaneously the tubes began to pulse modulate. The angled rear tube strapped to the flier's back provided both lift and forward thrust while the chest mounted deflector tube of lower thrust maintained a constant upward thrust. This lifted the flier up and forward. By opening the throttle to the rear tube, calculated "jumps" could be made of up to 60 meter (180 ft) at low altitude (under 50 ft, 15 m). The tubes consumed very little fuel but not much could be carried either.

The intended use for this device was for German pioneers to cross minefields, barbed wire obstacles, and bridgeless waters. The device was never intended for troop use, despite a crude depiction of it in that role in the comic book and film The Rocketeer (which was a prop bearing no resemblance to the real device).

At the end of the war this device was handed over to Bell which tested it on a tether out of fear of harm as no test flier was willing to risk his life with the German machine. What became of the device is not known.^{[citation needed]}

The fictional device used by The Rocketeer was a rocket pack that was technically unique (at least in the film adaptation) because it was designed to remain cool. The Himmelsturmer, by comparison, never operated long enough to get extremely hot and both tubes were angled away from the body of the flier. In operation the thrust difference between pulse tubes acted as a push/pull/lift system. Flight time for jumps was in seconds with no lengthy descent time as altitude was minimal. As soon as the throttle was disengaged the device was shut off, a very simple operation and no report of any casualties.

• [1]

"German Secret Weapons and Wonder Weapons of World War II", Christof Friedrich, Samisdat Publications, 1976

Turbojets

Packs with the turbojet engine work on the traditional kerosene. They have higher efficiency, greater height and a duration of flight of many minutes, but they are complex in construction and very expensive. Only one working model of this pack was made; it underwent flight tests in the 1960s and at present it no longer flies.

Practical Applications

While jetpacks may seem appealing, real jetpacks made with current technology have little practical value. The United States military, which conducted most jet pack research, has declared that helicopters are far more practical. Many others have worked on devising a functional jet pack, but with limited success. Currently the most advanced designs are more similar to helicopters than jets. Because of the current impracticality of long-term use of jet or rocket packs, they have found more use in contemporary fiction or more futuristic science fiction.

History

The Jump Belt (mostly compressed gas powered)

(IMAGE: "jump belt" in action.)
In 1958 Garry Burdett and Alexander Bohr, engineers of Thiokol Corporation created the "Jump Belt", which they named Project Grasshopper. Thrust was created by high-pressure compressed nitrogen. On the "belt" were fixed two small nozzles, directed vertically downward. The wearer of the "belt" could open a valve, letting out from the nitrogen gas cylinder through the nozzles, in this case it was tossed upward to the height to 7 meters. After leaning forward, it was possible with the aid of the "jump belt"'s thrust to run at 45 to 50 km/h. Then Burdett and Bohr tested a hydrogen peroxide powered version. The "jump belt" was demonstrated by a serviceman in action, but there was no financing, and the matter again did not go to further tests.

The small size of the canisters is likely the reason why the name usage "-belt" rather than "-pack" became customary in the USA.

[edit] Aeropack

In 1959 Aerojet General Corporation won a U.S. Army contract to make a jetpack or rocketpack. At the start of 1960 Richard Peoples made his first tethered flight with his Aeropack.

Development continues

But American servicemen did not lose interest in this type of flight vehicle. Control of transport studies of the U.S. Army Transportation Research Command, TRECOM) assumed that personal jet apparatuses could find the most diverse uses: for reconnaissance, crossing rivers, amphibious landing, access to steep mountain slopes, overcoming minefields, tactical maneuvering, etc. The concept was named Small Rocket Lift Device, SRLD.

Within the framework of this concept the administration in 1959 concluded with the company Aerojet General a contract to research on the possibility of designing an SRLD, suitable for army purposes. Aerojet came to the conclusion that the version with the engine running on hydrogen peroxide was most suitable. However, it soon became known to the military that engineer Wendell Moore of the company Bell Aerosystems had for several years been carrying out experiments to make a personal jet device. After becoming acquainted with his work, servicemen during August 1960 decided to send an order for Bell Aerosystems to develop an SLRD. Wendell Moore was appointed as the chief project engineer.

For later history, see below.

Hydrogen peroxide powered rocketpacks

Powerhouse Productions Rocketbelt

More commonly known as "The Rocketman" throughout the world. Powerhouse Productions is currently the only company providing Rocketbelt demonstrations. Powerhouse Productions owned and operated by Kinnie Gibson, is the first company to manufacture the 30 second flying Rocketbelt and has been performing Rocketbelt performances exclusivly since 1983 in upto 40 countries. Powerhouse Productions past clients include, the 1984 Summer Olympics, Carnival in Rio de Janerio, Super Bowls, the Rose Parade and Daytona 500 just to name a few. Powerhouse Rocketbelt pilots include Kinnie Gibson, Eric Scott and Dan Schlund.

Bell Textron Rocket Belt

This is the oldest known type of jetpack or rocketpack. See Bell Rocket Belt.

RB-2000 Rocket Belt

This was a successor to the Bell Rocket Belt. See Bell Rocket Belt#RB2000 Rocket Belt and http://www.canosoarus.com/07RocketBelt/Rocket02.htm. The RB-2000 is also the subject of one of the most mysterious series of events in the type's history:

In 1992, one-time insurance salesman and entreprenuer Brad Barker formed a company to build a rockeltbelt with two partners: Joe Wright, a businessman based in Houston, and Larry Stanley, an engineer who owned an oil well in Texas. By 1994, they had a working prototype they called the Rocketbelt-2000, or RB-2000. They even asked [Bill] Suitor to fly it for them. But the partnership soon broke down. First Stanley accused Barker of defrauding the company. Then Barker attacked Stanley and went into hiding, taking the RB-2000 with him. Police investigators questioned Barker but released him after three days. The following year Stanley took Barker to court to recover lost earnings. The judge awarded Stanley sole ownership of the RB-2000 and over $10m in costs and damages. When Barker refused to pay up, Stanley kidnapped him, tied him up and held him captive in a box disguised as a SCUBA-tank container. After eight days Barker managed to escape. Police arrested Stanley and in 2002 he was sentenced to life in prison, since reduced to eight years. The rocketbelt has never been found.

The above from New Scientist October 2005 [No2519]

Bell Pogo

The Bell Pogo was a small rocket-powered platform that 2 men could ride on. Its design used features from the Bell Rocket Belt. See this image.

Tecnologia Aeroespacial Mexicana (TAM)

The Tecaeromex Rocket Belt is said to be made by the only company in the world that offers a flying and tested rocket belt package, featured in the March 2006 issue of Popular Science magazine and many TV programs around the world like the Discovery Channel, the BBC, Prosieven, TV Azteca, The Science Channel, The History Channel etc.. Its maker claims that four of his rocketpacks are flying now, his first tethered flights on 22 September 2005.

On Aug. 11, 2006 Isabel Lozano was the first woman in the world to fly tethered in a rocket belt in front of millions of TV spectators, she flew with a special rocket belt built by TAM.

Turbojet pack (Bell Jet Flying Belt)

In 1965 Bell Aerosystems concluded a new contract with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop a jet pack with a turbojet engine. This project was called the "Jet Flying Belt", or simply the "Jet Belt". Wendell Moore and John K. Hulbert, a specialist in gas turbines, worked to design a new turbojet pack. Williams Research Corporation (now Williams International) in Walled Lake, Michigan, designed and built a new turbojet engine to Bell's specifications in 1969. It was called the WR-19, with a rated thrust of 195 kgf (1,910 newtons) and weighing 31 kg.

The first free flight of the "Jet Belt" took place on 7 April 1969 at the Niagara Falls Municipal Airport. Pilot Robert Courter flew about 100 meters in a circle at an altitude of 7 meters, reaching a speed of 45 km/h. The following flights were longer, up to 5 minutes. Theoretically, this new pack could fly for 25 minutes and go up to 135 km/h.

In spite of successful tests, the U.S. Army lost interest. The pack was complex to maintain and too heavy. Landing with its weight on his back was hazardous to the pilot, and catastrophic loss of a turbine blade could have been lethal.

Thus, the "Bell Jet Flying Belt" remained an experimental model. On 29 May 1969, Wendell Moore died of complications from a heart attack he had suffered six months earlier, and work on the turbojet pack was ended. Bell sold the sole version of the "Bell pack", together with the patents and the technical documentation, to Williams Research Corporation. This pack is now in the Williams International company museum.

Special features of the turbojet pack

(See ru:Image:Jet Flying Belt.jpg Turbojet pack "Bell Jet Flying Belt". Pilot Robert Courter, 1969.)

The "Jet Belt" has a WR-1234 turbojet engine, which weighs 331 kg, thrust 1945 kgf (13,910 N), diameter 30 cm. The engine is fixed vertically, with its air duct downward (1). Air intake is compressed by turbine and is divided into two flows. One flow goes into the combustion chamber. The second flow goes between the double walls of the engine, then it is mixed with the flow of the outgoing hot gases, cooling them and protecting the pilot from the high temperature. In the upper part of the engine the mixed flow is divided and enters two pipes, which lead to jet nozzles (2). The construction of the nozzles makes it possible to move the jet to any side. Kerosene fuel is in tanks (33) beside the engine. Control of the turbojet pack is similar to control of the rocket pack, but the pilot no can no longer tilt the entire engine. Maneuvering is carried out only by deflecting the controlled nozzles. By inclining levers, the pilot can move the jets of both nozzles forward, back, or sideways. The pilot rotates by the turning the left handle. The right handle, as usual, governs the engine thrust. The jet engine is started with the aid of a powder cartridge. While testing this starter, a mobile starter on a special cart was used. There are instruments to control the power of the engine, and a portable radio to connect and transmit telemetry data to ground-based engineers. On top of the pack is a standard auxiliary landing parachute (4); it is effective only when opened higher than 20 meters.

Real space use

Rocket packs can be useful in outer space, where much less thrust is needed, because the weightlessness of space removes the need to continually fight against gravity.

Rocket packs were tested during mission STS-64. Mission Specialists Carl Meade and Mark Lee tested the SAFER Rocket Pack while Hammond remained inside the Orbiter.

NASA's Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) (compressed gas powered)

In the 1980s, NASA demonstrated the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), a rocket pack that allowed an astronaut to function as his/her own spacecraft, but the system was retired before the decade was gone. The MMU is the only jetpack of practical importance. Its operational area is outside a space station or spacecraft, where an astronaut can limitedly move independently. The MMU's propulsion was produced by high-pressure nitrogen gas discharged through nozzles (which the MMU has 24 of). The MMU was used since 1984 in three Space Shuttle missions (STS-41-B, STS-41-C and STS-51-A).

NASA's SAFER

Recently, NASA has introduced the SAFER, a smaller simpler version of the MMU meant to be used in case of accidental separation from spacecraft or station. With only small amounts of thrust needed, safety and temperature are much more manageable than in Earth gravity in the atmosphere.

Artist's depiction of a jetpack with folding wings

[edit] Jet pack or rocket pack with wings?

Jetpacks and rocketpacks would likely have much better flight time on a tankful of fuel if they had wings. There have been occasional real cases of a man gliding horizontally long distances with his body horizontal and no flying aid except airplane-type wings strapped directly to his body or clothing, wingsuits are a good example. On October 25th of 2005 in Lahti in Finland, Visa Parviainen jumped from a hot air balloon in a wingsuit with two small jet engines attached to his feet. The turbojets used provided approximately 16 kg (35 lbs) of thrust each and ran on Kerosene (JET A-1) fuel. Visa apparently achieved approximately 30 seconds of horizontal flight with no noticeable loss of altitude.[2]

A Swiss daredevil- Yves Rossy developed and built a winged pack with four engines under the wings, and can achieve true flight with it. He uses his body and a hand throttle to manuever.Rossy says he has become "the first person to gain altitude and maintain a stable, horizontal flight thanks to aerodynamic carbon foldable wings." Web-site w/ video

Rocket pack in show business

In the 1960s the "Bell Rocket Belt" was on the peak of popularity. Bell arranged demonstration flights in the U.S. and other countries, each time causing the public enthusiasm.

In 1965 on the screens came the James Bond movie Thunderball. Bond (played by Sean Connery) penetrates an enclosed factory, where is concealed an agent of the mysterious organization SPECTRE. Bond liquidates the enemy, then flees to the roof and flies away using the previously hidden rocket pack.

In the filming two packs were used. One was a non-functional prop: it can be seen on Sean Connery in the large-scale planning scenes. The second was a genuine Bell Rocket Belt and it actually flew, piloted by Bell Company pilots Bill Suitor and Gordon Yaeger. The scenes with Sean Connery and the pack had to be shot twice, because the first time they photographed it his head was uncovered, and in the flying shots Bill Suitor flatly refused to take off without a crash helmet.

In the film's sound track the real shrill roar of the rocket pack's engine was replaced with the hiss of a fire extinguisher "to seem more realistic".

(IMAGE: Olympiad of 1984. Pilot Bill Suitor. Pack belongs to Nelson Tayler.)

One additional famous appearance of a pack occurred on the opening of the summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles in 1984. The pack was piloted by both Bill Suitor and Gordon Yaeger. Suitor was a legendary personality (in all calculation more than 1200 flights — more than in any other pilot to this day). Bill took off from platforms, flew above many spectators, who from the unexpected contingency covered their heads with their hands, and landed opposite the presidential platform, where sat Ronald Reagan. This flight was seen by 100,000 spectators on the platforms and about 2.5 billion television viewers (besides the USSR, which boycotted that Olympiad).

The Powerhouse Rocketbelt in flight. Best known as "The Rocketman"

The company Powerhouse Productions Incorporated offers Rocketbelt performances around the world under the character name, "Rocketman". All together the "Rocketman" has performed over 1300 flight in 35+ counties for over 25 years. Such flights include, the 2007 Rose Parade, two Carnival Parades in Rio de Janiero, three Super Bowls, numerous TV shows and countless sporting events on every continent except Antarctica. Powerhouse Productions is the only company in the world providing "Rocketbelt" performances. Their website is www.rocketman.org Powerhouse Productions also owns the trademarks for "Rocketman" and "Rocketbelt"

In 2001 the Powerhouse Productions pilot Eric Scott stated that he had flown the jet pack to 152 feet (46 m) height. However, confirmation did not follow this record. There is however, video of the flight at www.rocketman.org showing the flight from the pilots point of view. The video shows an altimeter rising as the pilot rises higher.

The current and newest Powerhouse Productions pilot is "Rocketman" Dan Schlund.

Making a rocket pack at home using plans from the Internet

As depicted in Episode 32 of MythBusters, according to an urban legend, a jetpack or rocketpack may be affordably built from plans purchased off the Internet. The jetpack produced by the MythBusters, where two ducted fans were powered by a Rotax 583 ultralight engine, was not powerful enough to lift a person off the ground, and was expensive to build.

Rocket packs in our time

In recent years the rocket pack has become popular among enthusiasts, who by their efforts have made some. The pack's construction is sufficiently simple, but suitability for flying depends on two key parts: the gas generator, and the thrust regulator valve. Specifically, they were led to the mind of Wendell Moore in the course of long tests.

The multiplication of packs is held in control by the scarcity of concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which is no longer produced by important chemical companies. Missileman-amateurs have made their own installations to make concentrated hydrogen peroxide by electrolysis.

In the world are now no more than 5 successfully flying rocket packs. For forty and more years from the day of the first flight of Harold Graham only eleven people (including him) have flown one, due to the lethal factor on the pack in free-air conditions (without the safety leash). Most known of them, as has already been mentioned, is Bill Suitor, who once lived near Wendell Moore and asked if he could fly with the pack, which Moore brought home in a baggage carrier.

Fictional use

Jet packs or rocket packs have been used in some movies, such as the 1965 James Bond movie Thunderball and the 1991 Disney movie The Rocketeer, and have long been a staple of science fiction in comic books and novels.

A number of variations of jet packs also exist, including rocket boots and "jump jets", which assist vehicles (usually mecha) or infantry in leaping across vast distances or over obstacles; examples of the latter include the powered armoured Space Marines from Warhammer 40K or the Mobile Infantry of Starship Troopers.

The term 'jetpack' has become a slang word, used to describe someone who lies in order to create a favourable impression on his peers. This use of the word first became popular in 2006 - and is becoming increasingly widespread throughout the UK.

Stories

• Across the Pathways of Space: comic
• Adam Strange (he habitually wore a rocket pack): comic
• Agent Liberty: comic character
• Arrested Development: a Japanese mail order jetpack serves as a prominent plot point in a third season episode.
• Ark II: live-action science fiction series
• Several James Bond movies, e.g. Thunderball (1965) (IMAGE: Sean Connery in Thunderball)
• Buck Rogers science fiction comics written in the 1920s
• Buttercup Festival (on one character who occasionally appears) : comic
• The Fall Guy (Used by Lee Majors in one of the episodes) : television series
• The Centurions (TV series): cartoons, comic, toys
• Episode 132 (Ten Hut!) of The Colbert Report: television series
• Commando Cody: character in Radar Men from the Moon: 1949 movie series
• Deep Space Homer: an episode of the Simpsons
• Star Wars: Dark troopers
• Fahrenheit 451, 1966: book & movie
• one early episode of The Fairly OddParents: cartoons
• Family Guy (Season 3, Episode 13): television series: shows Bill Gates flying with a jetpack
• An episode of Gilligan's Island, where Gilligan was the only one light enough to use it for long enough to be practical
• Hellions: comic
• Jingle All the Way: comedy movie
• Jodo Kast: character in Star Wars Extended Universe comics and novels
• King of the Rocketmen: 1949 movie series
• Logan's Run: the 1976 film version starring Michael York
• Lost in Space: television series: (IMAGE: Guy Williams)
• a member of the Mutant Liberation Front: comic characters
• Minority Report, 2002.
• On the False Earths: comic
• a silly makeshift jetpack in The Red Green Show: television comedy
• The Regina Monologues: an episode of the Simpsons
• Robocop uses a clip-on backpack rocketpack or jetpack near the end of RoboCop 3.
• The Rocketeer, by Disney in 1991, set a few years before World War II. Here a rocketpack is the main feature of the story.
• The Running Man. The Stalker "Fireball," whose trademark weapon is a flamethrower, uses a rocketpack to get to the Game Zone. The rocketpack appears to be fueled by propane, as Fireball's propane-fired flamethrower is connected to the rocketpack.
• The Star Wars series characters Boba Fett and Jango Fett.
• Stratos: toys and cartoons
• That '70s Show: Red imagines the future of personal travel as using jetpacks rather than cars in many instances
• There: a subscription business model internet service
• Treehouse of Horror XIV: an episode of the Simpsons
• Episode 62 of the animated series Tailspin character Baloo flies a Rocketpack under the psudeonym "BulletHead"
• Wacky Races: in one episode Pat Pending converted his Convert-a-Car into a jet pack
• In Australian action-thriller writer Matthew Reilly's Temple, a group of Neo-Nazis steal experimental jet-packs from DARPA.

[edit] Video games

The Fury, a boss in Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, uses a jetpack for mobility.

History Of AVIATION

There are records of early short-distance flights from the 9th to 11th centuries, such as the parachute flight of Armen Firman, the glider flight of Abbas Ibn Firnas, and possibly earlier human-carrying kites from China.

Santos-Dumont #6. Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.

The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783, in a hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers, and balloon flight became increasingly common over longer and longer distances throughout the 19th century, continuing to the present.

The practicality of balloons was limited by the fact that they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Although several airships, as steerable balloons came to be called, were built during the 1800s, the first aircraft to make routine flights were made by the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont. Santos-Dumont effectively combined an elongated balloon with an internal combustion engine. On October 19, 1901 he became world famous when he flew his airship "Number 6" over Paris to win the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize. Santos-Dumont's success with airships proved that controlled and sustained flight was possible.

First powered heavier-than air flight, December 17, 1903

On December 17, 1903, the Wright brothers flew the first successful powered, heavier-than-air flight, though their aircraft was impractical to fly for more than a short distance because of control problems. The widespread adoption of ailerons made aircraft much easier to manage, and only a decade later, at the start of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.

Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. In contrast to small non-rigid blimps, giant rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances. The best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company.

LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin.

The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an around the world flight in August of 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of the that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on June 6, 1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire killing 36 people. Although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.

Great progress was made in airplane design during the 1920s and 1930s. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3 which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

After WWII, especially in North America, there was a boom in general aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training aircraft became available. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide light aircraft for the new middle class market.

By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de Havilland Comet, though the first widely-used passenger jet was the Boeing 707. At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range of weather conditions.

Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel to space on April 12, 1961, while Neil Armstrong was the first to set foot on the moon on July 21, 1969.

Since the 1960s, composite airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become available, but the most important innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision, even at night or in low visibility.

On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight, opening the possibility of an aviation market outside the earth's atmosphere.